Parol Evidence Exceptions

Parol evidence is admissible to explain ambiguities, show defenses, or prove collateral agreements.

Representative cases

• Eagle Force Holdings, LLC v. Campbell 187 A.3d 1209 · Supreme Court of Delaware
• Daset Mining Corp. v. Industrial Fuels Corp. 473 A.2d 584 · Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
• Scholz v. Montgomery Ward & Co. 468 N.W.2d 845 · Michigan Supreme Court

Related Contract Content rules

• Parol Evidence RuleThe PER bars prior or contemporaneous terms that contradict a final written integration.
• Interpretation: Course of Dealing/Trade UsageAmbiguous terms may be interpreted using course of performance, dealing, and trade usage.
• Merger Clause EffectA merger clause indicates full integration, strengthening application of the parol evidence rule.

Part of Contracts on Core Legal Rules — foundational MBE-tested principles with primary-source citations.