Authentication of Writings

Writings require authentication by testimony, handwriting, or circumstantial proof.

Related Authentication & Best Evidence rules

• Authentication RequirementReal and documentary evidence must be authenticated by proof sufficient to support a finding of genuineness.
• Best Evidence RuleTo prove contents of a writing, original or reliable duplicates are required unless an exception applies.
• Voice IdentificationVoices may be identified by familiarity acquired before or after the event.
• Chain of CustodyReal evidence must be shown to be in substantially the same condition when offered.
• Original Writing RuleOriginal documents are required to prove contents unless duplicates or exceptions apply.

Part of Evidence on Core Legal Rules — foundational MBE-tested principles with primary-source citations.